{"id":16187,"date":"2025-07-29T12:00:33","date_gmt":"2025-07-29T11:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ra-juedemann.de\/?p=16187"},"modified":"2025-07-29T12:00:33","modified_gmt":"2025-07-29T11:00:33","slug":"dubai-chocolate-must-originate-from-dubai-olg-koeln-prohibits-misleading-indication-of-origin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ra-juedemann.de\/en\/dubai-chocolate-must-originate-from-dubai-olg-koeln-prohibits-misleading-indication-of-origin\/","title":{"rendered":"“Dubai Chocolate” Must Originate from Dubai \u2013 OLG K\u00f6ln Prohibits Misleading Indication of Origin"},"content":{"rendered":"

“Dubai Chocolate” Must Originate from Dubai \u2013 Cologne Higher Regional Court Prohibits Misleading Indication of Origin<\/strong><\/p>\n

Warnings and Legal Actions \u2013<\/strong> The confectionery distributor Wilmers, which is also conducting the proceedings before the Higher Regional Court (OLG) Cologne, is currently issuing cease-and-desist letters to retailers.<\/p>\n

In its July 2025 decision (Case No. 6 U 65\/25), the OLG Cologne prohibited a German food retailer from distributing or advertising a chocolate product under the label “Dubai Chocolate” in Germany if the product was not actually manufactured in Dubai or otherwise had no genuine geographic connection to the Emirate. The court made it clear that the term “Dubai Chocolate” constitutes a geographic indication of origin<\/em> \u2013 not merely a fantasy name or reference to a particular recipe. This ruling has significant implications for the food and advertising industries and provides clear guidance on how to handle geographic origin claims in a globalized marketplace.<\/p>\n

\n

Background: The Dispute Over Origin<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The claimant is a distributor specializing in the import of exclusive confectionery, including the product known as \u201cB. Dubai Chocolate,\u201d which is produced in Dubai by a licensed manufacturer. Distribution is managed via a service company based in Dubai, exclusively for the European market. The product gained widespread popularity\u2014driven largely by TikTok trends and social media\u2014commanding high prices both online and in brick-and-mortar retail.<\/p>\n

By contrast, the defendant had a similar chocolate product manufactured in Turkey and marketed it under the name \u201cDubai Chocolate.\u201d The packaging featured the iconic silhouettes of the Burj Khalifa and Burj Al Arab, along with English-language descriptions. The claimant saw this as misleading to consumers and filed for a preliminary injunction\u2014initially granted by the Cologne Regional Court. However, the lower court later overturned the injunction, finding no risk of consumer deception. The claimant appealed\u2014successfully.<\/p>\n

\n

OLG Cologne: Origin Is More Than a Recipe<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The Higher Regional Court of Cologne overruled the lower court and held that “Dubai Chocolate” is a protected geographic indication<\/em> under \u00a7\u00a7 126 ff. of the German Trademark Act (MarkenG). According to the court, consumers would interpret \u201cDubai\u201d not as a reference to ingredients (like pistachio cream and kadaifi pastry), but as a geographic origin. This interpretation is reinforced by the fact that the recipe was originally developed in Dubai and the media hype is explicitly linked to the city.<\/p>\n

The court rejected the lower court’s assumption that “Dubai Chocolate” had become a generic term. A term ceases to be a protected geographic indicator only if the majority of the public no longer understands it as such. That was not the case here. The average consumer, said the court, expects a product labeled “Dubai Chocolate” to either come from Dubai or have undergone key production steps there.<\/p>\n

The term “Dubai Handmade Chocolate” was always understood as a direct indication of origin. Consumers do not perceive it as a fantasy name or merely a recipe description.<\/p>\n

Even a cursory reading of the name suggests that the public understands \u201cDubai\u201d as referring to the Emirate or its capital city. Such labels are to be considered origin claims unless it is clearly shown that the term is used in a non-geographic or fanciful sense.<\/p>\n

In this case, the origin of the recipe in Dubai\u2014developed by Sarah Hamouda, founder of Fix Dessert Chocolatier\u2014along with viral TikTok videos by influencers Maria Vehera and German food blogger Kiki Aweimer, strongly pointed to a geographic origin. These influencers tasted the chocolate in Dubai and shared their enthusiasm with millions of followers.<\/p>\n

The initially high prices and limited availability in Germany also reinforced the consumer perception that this was a product of origin. Consumers were willing to pay premium prices and wait in long lines because they associated the chocolate with the exclusivity of Dubai (Jehle, GRUR 2025, p. 215, 220). Some even resold it at marked-up prices on online platforms.<\/p>\n

Importantly, this desire wasn’t only due to the luxurious pistachio-based recipe, but also to the perception that the product originated from Dubai\u2014a city associated with premium quality and luxury experiences.<\/p>\n

\n

Packaging and Marketing Reinforce Origin Misconception<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The court also pointed to the packaging design as a factor contributing to consumer deception. It featured iconic Dubai landmarks such as the Burj Khalifa and Burj Al Arab, occupying a significant portion of the front design. Under EU law (Regulation 1151\/2012), referencing a place of origin on packaging argues against a term being classified as generic (see Feta II, GRANA BIRAGHI cases). Thus, even if the image alone weren\u2019t enough, the presence of the word \u201cDubai\u201d on the package firmly linked the product to the Emirate in consumers\u2019 minds.<\/p>\n

Furthermore, the use of English-language packaging indicated an imported product. Consumers, especially in this context, would interpret it as originating from the place referenced\u2014Dubai.<\/p>\n

\n

Misleading by Design \u2013 \u00a7 127 MarkenG<\/a><\/strong><\/h3>\n

The court concluded that the packaging and presentation created a misleading impression of geographic origin under \u00a7 127(1) MarkenG<\/a>. The use of Dubai’s skyline, English text, and a luxurious aesthetic all reinforced the impression that the product was imported from Dubai. Consumers, particularly with high-end products like this, are especially sensitive to implied origin claims, which suggest exclusivity and authenticity.<\/p>\n

The defendant’s argument\u2014that consumers understand that products are globally produced and ingredients don’t always originate from the named location\u2014did not persuade the court. Even if pistachios aren’t grown in Dubai, consumers expect that the final product is at least manufactured or assembled there.<\/p>\n

\n

Unfair Competition \u2013 \u00a7 5 UWG<\/a><\/strong><\/h3>\n

In addition to trademark law, the court found a violation of \u00a7 5 of the German Unfair Competition Act (UWG). Even if one were to interpret “Dubai Chocolate” as a mere description of the recipe, the packaging and advertising created a misleading impression of origin that could influence consumer purchasing decisions\u2014making it unfair commercial practice.<\/p>\n

\n

No Security Required \u2013 Strict Standards for Importers<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The defendant’s request to require a security deposit as a condition for enforcing the preliminary injunction was denied. The court found no risk of unusually high damages and no concrete harm to the defendant. By contrast, the claimant lacked the means to provide such security. Therefore, the court prioritized effective legal protection.<\/p>\n

\n

Significance of the Ruling<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The OLG Cologne\u2019s decision sends a clear message: Geographic origin designations remain legally protected\u2014even in a globalized economy. Companies hoping to benefit from the image of a specific place must ensure that their products genuinely originate there, particularly when using premium pricing and exclusive marketing tactics.<\/p>\n

The ruling also makes clear that viral popularity and extensive media coverage do not<\/em> automatically turn a protected designation into a generic term. Such transformations are rare and must meet stringent requirements.<\/p>\n

For the advertising and food industries, the takeaway is clear: Use of geographic names requires caution\u2014especially when tied to well-known cities or regions. If the label says Dubai, it must actually<\/em> be from Dubai.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“Dubai Chocolate” Must Originate from Dubai \u2013 Cologne Higher Regional Court Prohibits Misleading Indication of Origin Warnings and Legal Actions \u2013 The confectionery distributor Wilmers, which is also conducting the proceedings before the Higher Regional Court (OLG) Cologne, is currently issuing cease-and-desist letters to retailers. In its July 2025 decision (Case No. 6 U 65\/25), […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":16188,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2110,2185],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16187","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-markenrecht-en","category-trademarks"],"yoast_head":"\n"Dubai Chocolate" Must Originate from Dubai \u2013 OLG K\u00f6ln Prohibits Misleading Indication of Origin - J\u00fcdemann Rechtsanw\u00e4lte<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Rechtsanwalt J\u00fcdemann - Fachanwalt f\u00fcr Urheber- und Medienrecht, Fachanwalt f\u00fcr Strafrecht und zertifizierter Datenschutzbeauftragter.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ra-juedemann.de\/en\/dubai-chocolate-must-originate-from-dubai-olg-koeln-prohibits-misleading-indication-of-origin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\""Dubai Chocolate" Must Originate from Dubai \u2013 OLG K\u00f6ln Prohibits Misleading Indication of Origin - 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